International Journal of Applied Science and Research

Claudya G.E. Massie 1, Isri R. Mangangka 2, Teddy Takaendengan 3

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2025.6501

ABSTRACT: Kotobangon Urban Village, located in East Kotamobagu District, Kotamobagu City, faces significant challenges in waste management. Although a waste collection system is in place, the implementation of the 3R concept (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) remains suboptimal. As a result, the majority of waste is directly disposed of at the landfill, increasing the environmental burden. Therefore, the planning of a 3R-based Waste Processing Facility (Tempat Pengelolaan Sampah 3R, TPS 3R) is considered a critical solution to enhance waste management effectiveness. This study analyzes waste types, handling methods, and the socio-economic factors influencing waste generation. Waste containment follows a communal pattern, where residents collect and transport waste to the nearest temporary disposal site (TPS) using plastic bags. Waste composition is dominated by organic waste (56%) and inorganic waste (44%), with an average waste generation rate of 1.004 kg/person/day or approximately 2.5 liters/person/day. The transportation system also adopts a direct communal model. To reduce the volume of waste ending up in the landfill, increasing community awareness of waste separation and recycling is essential. By implementing a more efficient, environmentally friendly, and economically sustainable waste management system, this study aims to contribute to improving the overall well-being of the residents in Kotobangon Urban Village.

Keyword: Planning, TPS 3R, waste management, storage, collection, transportation.

Etuse Yawo Assedi, Dr. Sabas Kimani, Rev. Dr. John Muhenda

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2025.6502

ABSTRACT: Well-being as a subject is often looked at from a Western perspective, including definitions and measurements. This, however, ignores the sociocultural characteristics of individuals or groups that may be crucial to the subjective conceptualization of well-being. The concept of well-being relates to understanding how people derive and interpret wellness regarding their interactions with other humans within the family, community and social context. This viewpoint of well-being is presented in this chapter as "holistic" from a cultural approach. The notion of well-being from an African perspective is usually defined within the framework of group norms, values, kinship relationships and ties entrenched in cultural values. The concept of well-being in this sense also runs counter to the idea of well-being in western cultures. The African is a 'group person’, a 'family person' and the 'we person'. These sociocultural features are presumed to affect or influence well-being, mental health and treatment. This chapter expounds on techniques to effectively understand the culture in health from the African perspective. We submit that culturally sensitive measures of well-being will aid deeper exploration of the construct within the African setting and allow for a construct base comparison between Western and African settings

Keyword: Africa, Impediment, re-define)

BIAOU Offin Joab, Dr Hergie Alexis SEGUEDEME, Dr Alidou Ibourahima Razack Boro

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2025.6503

ABSTRACT: Women are often at the forefront of change. They speak out against gender inequality and the practices of marginalization and subjugation of the female sex. Indeed, woman writers predominantly focus the issues of female gender faced in society. Moreover, most of the woman writers in English literature try to struggle with male and they accuse the patriarchal society which interrupts their growth. The feminine voice is used to explore issues related to gender, identity, relationships, power, and societal expectations. Women’s voices, independence and their participation in all aspects of society are more important than ever.

Keyword: Woman, feminism, literature, independence

*1 ELELE, KINGSLEY; 1 NWOGU, FORTUNE CHIENWEATU AND 2 CHUKWU, HARRISONOBODO

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2025.6504

ABSTRACT: This study investigated the presence of helminth and protozoa parasites on office door handles at Ignatius Ajuru University, Port Harcourt, and assessed public health implications from March to May 2024. A total of 136 door handles across six school buildings were sampled using sterile swabs and analyzed for parasitic contamination. The sedimentation method was used for helminths, while the wet mount method was applied for protozoa, followed by microscopic examination. Results revealed that 52 (38.2%) door handles were contaminated. The most prevalent helminths were Ascaris sp. (13.3%), Trichuris sp. (8.8%), and Enterobius sp. (6.6%), while the most common protozoa were Giardia sp. (4.4%) and Entamoeba sp. (2.9%). The total parasite load was 377, with a Parasite Mean Intensity (PMI) of 7.3. Faculty of Education (46.15%) and Faculty of Management Science (46.43%) had the highest contamination rates. Helminths were more prevalent than protozoa, with Ascaris sp. being the dominant species. Risk factor analysis highlighted poor hygiene practices. About 85.2% of respondents never cleaned door handles, and 96.3% never disinfected them. While 68.5% washed hands after toilet use, 13.9% did not, and 17.6% did so inconsistently. Additionally, 46.3% were unsure if visitors washed hands, increasing contamination risks. These findings emphasize the need for regular cleaning and disinfection of high-contact surfaces, alongside promoting proper hand hygiene, to mitigate parasite transmission and protect the university community’s health.

Keyword: Disinfection, contamination, hygiene, transmission.

AYSE ARSLAN

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2025.6505

ABSTRACT: This paper explores the architecture, capabilities, and challenges of AI Agents and Agentic AI systems. We break down foundational AI agents into core modules—perception, reasoning, action, and learning—and explain how Agentic AI extends these concepts through multi-agent collaboration, advanced planning, persistent memory, and orchestration. Despite promising advances, both AI Agents and Agentic AI face critical limitations such as lack of causal understanding, coordination bottlenecks, and reliability concerns. Addressing these challenges is essential for the safe, scalable, and trustworthy deployment of intelligent systems capable of complex, autonomous behavior.

Keyword: Agentic AI, AI Agents, Multi-agent Systems, Generative AI, Recursive Reasoning, Large Language Models (LLMs), Tool-augmented Agents, Autonomous Systems, Collaborative AI

Ashok Kumar

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2025.6506

ABSTRACT: Objective of study was to assess data the six factors composite physical fitness test on college going men students. In this study, 100 boys were randomly selected from college of horticulture, Bengaluru at age ranging from 19 to 22 years. The study was conducted by using six factors composite physical test. Descriptive statistics was employed to find out the results of the study. Physical fitness was measured with the best timing was rated in seconds. The result depicted in Descriptive Statistics of men at college level” indicates the mean and standard deviation. The lower bound shows the true significance and significance correction and through Q-Q plot the (graphical presentation) to values in normal distribution to evident in found the selected physical fitness test for 100 college going men were Mean- 40.3072/39.0291, Std. Deviation- 2.51278/2.78882, St. Error Mean-2.5128/2.7888 respectively. That paired correlation is .56. There is an average value of test score and Significant at 0.05 level of significance. The Table no.-3 to indicate paired differences of variable being tested and order the subtraction was found out. The standard error 0.24799 and computing both the test statistic and the upper and lower bounds of 95%confidence interval. The depicts value of the paired sample t- test of men which was found to be statistically significantly at 0.05 level of significance.

Keyword: Physical Fitness, College, Men Students, Descriptive Statistics, t-test, significance.

Mwanahamisi Komora, Robert Machyo

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2025.6507

ABSTRACT: This paper examines social conflict theory as a critical lens for analyzing structural inequalities, power dynamics, and institutional oppression. It traces the evolution of the theory from its classical Marxist foundations to its modern applications, emphasizing its relevance in the context of contemporary Kenya. By incorporating realworld examples—particularly within Kenya’s political, economic, and correctional systems—the paper explores the role of social conflict in both sustaining and transforming society. It further explores the theory’s practical applications in peacebuilding, justice reform, and inclusive governance, highlighting its value for scholars, policymakers, and practitioners alike

Keyword: Ocial Conflict Theory Structural Inequality Power Dynamics Institutional Oppression Marxist Theory

Thu, Nguyen Thi Mai

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2025.6508

ABSTRACT: Grammar instruction in Vietnamese EFL classrooms has traditionally followed the Grammar Translation Method (GTM), focusing on rule memorization and translation. However, this method often limits student engagement and communicative development. This study compares the effectiveness of the Task-Based Approach (TBA) and GTM in grammar teaching, while also examining students’ attitudes toward TBA. A quasi-experimental design was used with 60 university freshmen divided into a TBA experimental group and a GTM control group. Both groups studied the same grammar topics over four months using different instructional methods. Data were collected through grammar pre-tests and post-tests, alongside a post-treatment attitude survey for the TBA group. Results showed that the TBA group achieved significantly greater improvement in grammar scores and demonstrated more consistent learning outcomes. Students also expressed highly positive attitudes toward TBA, citing increased motivation, enjoyment, and practical language use. The study recommends incorporating TBA into grammar instruction and offering teacher training to promote more communicative, learner-centered classrooms.

Keyword: Task-Based Approach, Grammar Translation Method, Grammar Instruction, EFL Learners, Learner Attitudes

Karina Teixeira Magalhães-Guedes 1*, Adriana Silva Borges 1 and Raquel Nunes Almeida da Silva 1

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2025.6509

ABSTRACT: The gut-brain axis (GBA) is a bidirectional communication system connecting the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system through neural, endocrine, and immune pathways. Growing evidence suggests that the gut microbiota plays a central role in regulating mood and mental health. This conceptual paper proposes an integrative framework that explores how “smart probiotics”- genetically engineered or selectively enhanced microbial strains -can modulate mood via the GBA. Unlike conventional probiotics, smart probiotics are designed to detect specific environmental or physiological signals within the gut and respond with targeted actions, such as producing neurotransmitters (e.g., GABA, serotonin) or anti-inflammatory compounds. The framework outlines five core mechanisms: neurotransmitter production, immune modulation, gut barrier maintenance, vagus nerve stimulation, and responsive behaviour based on host conditions. Moreover, it highlights the use of synthetic biology and recombinant DNA technology to design microbial strains with precise therapeutic functionalities. These nextgeneration probiotics can act locally within the gut to alleviate inflammation, restore microbiota balance, and contribute to mood stabilization. The manuscript also emphasizes the importance of integrating nutrition science, as dietary components like prebiotics and polyphenols can enhance the efficacy of smart probiotics. Finally, the paper outlines future research directions, including the need for biomarker identification, clinical validation, and ethical considerations related to the application of genetically modified organisms in mental health interventions. This integrative approach reinforces the emerging role of smart probiotics as a promising tool in personalized psychobiotic therapies for mood regulation.

Keyword: Smart Microorganisms, Gut Microbiota Balance, Psychobiotic Microorganisms

Yasin Mondi

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2025.6510

ABSTRACT: Off-roading tourism, a fast-growing segment of adventure tourism, has gained popularity due to its appeal to diverse traveler groups seeking nature-based and thrilling experiences. However, unmanaged off-roading activities pose significant risks to the environment, local communities, and cultural heritage. This research explores sustainable approaches to off-roading tourism by analyzing existing literature, stakeholder roles, and technological innovations. Using a qualitative thematic method aligned with PRISMA guidelines, the study reviewed 15 relevant academic and field-based sources focused on sustainability, adventure tourism, and stakeholder engagement. Key findings highlight the importance of stakeholder integration, particularly the empowerment of local communities and collaboration with Destination Management Companies (DMCs) and retailers. Technology, such as GPS apps and digital learning platforms, emerged as essential tools for enhancing safety, route planning, and environmental awareness. Ecotourism models and effective training programs were also identified as catalysts for long-term success. The study concludes that sustainable off-roading tourism is achievable through inclusive governance, targeted education, and strategic use of digital platforms. It offers a replicable framework for balancing ecological responsibility with economic growth. Future research should focus on empirical assessments and developing policy standards to guide ethical practices across varying regional contexts.

Keyword: Sustainable Tourism, Off-Roading, Stakeholder Engagement, Ecotourism, Tourism Technology, Adventure Tourism

Beyoh Dieudone Nkepah 1 and Monique Abongkeyung Newen 2

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2025.6511

ABSTRACT: This research investigates the optimization of online learning platforms to ensure equitable access to STEM education for students in remote and underserved communities in the North West Region of Cameroon. While digital education has the potential to bridge existing educational gaps, significant barriers persist, including limited internet access, inadequate technological infrastructure, and various socio-economic challenges that hinder effective learning. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach that includes surveys, interviews, and case studies, the study focuses on a population of 1379 high school students schooling out of Divisional headquarters and 98 educators from 10 functional secondary schools in the North West Region. A sample size of 155 participants was selected through stratified random sampling to ensure diverse representation across different demographics. Findings indicate that over 79.8% of students cite inconsistent internet access as a major barrier, while 67.4% emphasize the necessity for localized content and language support to enhance understanding. Additionally, active community engagement emerges as a critical factor in significantly boosting participation rates. Key recommendations from the study include the development of hybrid learning models that integrate both online and offline resources to cater for varying access levels, improving mobile accessibility, and creating culturally relevant educational content that emerges from local learners. The research also underscores the importance of implementing community training programs aimed at fostering digital literacy and enhancing effective platform usage.

Keyword: Equitable access, STEM education, Online learning platforms, Remote communities, Digital literacy

Liuba C. Botezatu

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2025.6512

ABSTRACT: The title in question, in the content way, demonstrates that the main purpose of interdisciplinarity/trans disciplinarity, which concerns us in the general pre-university, university, postgraduate educational context: philology, ethics, aesthetics, logistics, pedagogy, psychology, historiology, sociology, philosophy of science, philosophy of creativity/beauty - philosophy and axiology of education, philosophy of the arts, is one of advancement in professional specificity, from TMSC to TMGC. Geared towards the targeted engagement, philologocentric training in the format of preoccupation transgressiveness, is defined as representing in completeness the following advantages:  Open multidisciplinary/intertransdisciplinary curricular process of value efficiency-self-efficiency: interesteffort-knowledge-value judgment;  Engagement in experiential-exertive self-evaluation: return-elevation;  Axiological product in the making, centered on the formation/exercise of the specific creative style: subject-object, object-subject of quality – principle, project, experience;  Advancement in the phenomenal: from authentic to universal;  Art of professional fulfillments: from TMSC to TMGC. The alternation of multiple intelligences (J.P. Guilford) - multiple graces (L.C. Botezatu), throughout the content of this presentation, is mobilized by the streamlining of the integrationist-associationist relationship: TMSC–TMGC to the revaluation of the estimative potential, in the permanence of MVPF – MECA.

Keyword: PAG, TMSC, TMGC, interdisciplinarity, trans disciplinarity, educational culture.

Loredana Simona Berta (Carp) 1, Alina Mihaela Fratica-Dragomir (Gușe) 2

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2025.6513

ABSTRACT: Artificial intelligence (AI) is making lightning-fast inroads into the public sector as agencies pursue greater efficiency, better quality, and more personalized services for their clients. Social security institutions are no exception. While AI applications are varied, each with its own far-reaching implications, "conversational AI" or "chatbots" have led the way in terms of AI adoption by government agencies. Chatbot is a useful and widespread tool with great potential for public administration. All types of chatbots have a great benefit and a revolutionary impact for public administration users. The basic characteristics of chatbots are described, their classification, examines in the form of a SWOT analysis the strengths and limitations of this technology in the application in public administration. It has been confirmed that chatbots (and their subsequent modifications and development variants such as voice bots or digital assistants) will become a fixed part of the modern AI apparatus that the public administration will use for public relations. The present paper explores in a comparative manner the applicability of chatbots in the international versus Romanian context, focusing on the functional characteristics of these technologies, their classification in relation to the purpose and logical architecture, as well as on the SWOT analysis, to highlight both their benefits and limitations in the practical implementation in the public sector.

Keyword: artificial intelligence; chatbot; technology, public, impact

Mathew Ngimbi Muasya, James Wangai Kabata, Kenneth Oduori Makokha

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2025.6514

ABSTRACT: Education is an essential aspect of human life, that should shape the lives of everyone in society. The Kenyan 8-4-4 system has been shaped by competition and acquiring the content of knowledge without giving more space for the learners to meditate on their studies and to relate them with their ordinary life. The purpose of education has been to pass the exams in the competition-based system. The introduction of the CBC is salvation because it makes a paradigm shift from the teacher's content centered model to a model based on learners so that they develop from within the competencies they have and so instead of focusing on competition, they focus on learning, and owning what they learn, and then applying it in life. The stages of development, however, do not require some haste within the CBC system. The giving birth of the competencies is expected early in CBC than should be. The Socratic method, which proceeds similarly to the CBC system, is a key tool to make the CBC system better from the good it is, although with consideration of some reconstitution in the curriculum.

Keyword: Competency Based Curricum, 8-4-4 System of Education, Socratic Method, Paradigm Shift, Theory of Education.

Tomas Fernandez Gomez 1, Vladimir Damian Fernandez Perez 1, Ramirez-Rodriguez, RamonRodolfo 1, Fernandez Perez Mitzy E. 1, Francisco Javier Miranda Sanchez 1,

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2025.6515

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this project is the application of the discrete element method (DEM) for the realization of a particle model based on the electrode material of the lithium-ion batteries in electric cars, trying to solve the main problems they present during charging and download since these directly affect the lifetime of the same

Keyword: Electrode, batteries, electric vehicle, litio.

Gebriel E. Bate, Co-authors 1: Dr. Nyambedha J. Apiyo, 2: Dr. Sabas Kimani

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56293/IJASR.2025.6516

ABSTRACT: Understanding genuine traditional belief practices is essential as they encapsulate a specific society's core integrity and essence. Exploring these practices provides a strong framework, serving as a powerful antidote to counter any oppressive biases. The Baza people's belief practices have often been misunderstood, resulting in misinterpretation and misrepresentation that jeopardise their distinct identity. A major challenge is the scarcity of first and documentation from the Indigenous community about their cultural conviction, which hinders progress and contributes to their apparent historical obliteration. The author’s primary objective is to provide a comprehensive analysis of Baza's cultural belief practices, aiming to correct misconceptions and stereotypes. The study’s objectives encompass exploring traditional belief practices, delineating foreigners' views and perceptions on them, and examining the entrenched biases, aiming to reconstruct genuine belief practices. To achieve this, the author employed philosophical analysis and arguments, which are essential from a philosophical perspective. The study aimed to investigate how foreign missionaries perceived Kunama's traditional beliefs that pose potential dangers to their cultural survival, highlighting the necessity of the study’s findings. The author seeks to shed light on the impact of these claims on Kunama's cultural beliefs, intending to raise awareness and provide insights to help preserve their cultural heritage.

Keyword: Baza/Kunama, Belief, Oppressive, Practices, Religion, Stereotypes.